1. A teacher designs a listening test but asks students to read a transcript and answer questions instead of actually listening. Which testing principle does this violate?
2. Which of the following best describes positive washback in language testing?
3. A teacher collects students' writing samples, vocabulary logs, and self-reflection entries over a 10-week course to assess their progress. What type of assessment is this?
4. A student is preparing for IELTS and consistently scores Band 5 in Writing Task 2. After analyzing her work, the teacher notices that her main problem is argument structure — not grammar. What is the most effective next step?